(2014) Jean Tirole
Jean Tirole (born 9 August 1953) is a French professor of economics. He focuses on industrial organization, game theory, banking and finance, and economics and psychology. In 2014 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation. Tirole received engineering degrees from the �cole Polytechnique in Paris in 1976, and from the �cole nationale des ponts et chauss�es in 1978. He graduated as a member of the elite Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests. Tirole pursued graduate studies at the Paris Dauphine University and was awarded a DEA degree in 1976 and a Doctorat de troisi?me cycle in decision mathematics in 1978. In 1981, he received a Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After receiving his doctorate from MIT in 1981, he worked as a researcher at the �cole nationale des ponts et chauss�es until 1984. From 1984?1991, he worked as Professor of Economics at MIT. From 1994 to 1996 he was a Professor of Economics at the �cole Polytechnique. Tirole was involved with Jean-Jacques Laffont in the project of creating a new School of Economics in Toulouse. He is Engineer General of the Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forest, serving as Chair of the Board of the Toulouse School of Economics, Visiting Professor at MIT and Professor \"cumulant\" at the �cole des hautes �tudes en sciences sociales since 1995. He was president of the Econometric Society in 1998 and of the European Economic Association in 2001. Around this time, he was able to determine a way to calculate the optimal prices for the regulation of natural monopolies and wrote a number of articles about the regulation of capital markets?with a focus on the differential of control between decentralised lenders and the centralised control of bank management. Tirole has been a member of the Acad�mie des Sciences morales et politiques since 2011, the Conseil d\'analyse �conomique since 2008 and the Conseil strat�gique de la recherch� since 2013. In the early 2010s, he showed that banks generally tend to take short-term risks and recommended a change in quantitative easing towards a more quality-based market stimulation policy.
