(1989) John Michael Bishop
John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold E. Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize. Bishop was born in Pennsylvania. He attended Gettysburg College. He began his career working for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a part of the National Institutes of Health. He then spent a year working for the Heinrich Pette Institute in Hamburg, Germany before joining the faculty of the University of California, San Francisco in 1968. Bishop has remained on the school\'s faculty since 1968, and was chancellor of the university from 1998-2009. He is Director of the Bishop Lab. Bishop is best known for his Nobel-winning work on retroviral oncogenes. Working with Harold E. Varmus in the 1980s, he discovered the first human oncogene, c-Src. Their findings allowed the understanding of how malignant tumors are formed from changes to the normal genes of a cell. These changes can be produced by viruses, by radiation, or by exposure to some chemicals. Bishop is also a recipient of National Medal of Science in 2003. That same year, his book \"How to win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science\" was published. He was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society on 16 May 2008.
